Decision making
Understand how multi-criteria methods combine evidence, criteria and preferences, and where their rankings can change.
Research field
Method family
AHP
AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Saaty, T. L. in 1980. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible...
AHP-BOCR
AHP-BOCR is an extension of the Analytic Hierarchy Process that incorporates strategic perspectives through the BOCR framework: Benefits, Opportunities, Costs, and Risks. Instead of optimizing a single objective, AHP-BOCR decomposes decisio...
AHPSORT
AHPSORT (AHPSort — AHP-based classification of alternatives into ordered categories) is a sorting multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Ishizaka, A., Nemery, P., Pearman, C. in 2012. It turns a decision matrix of altern...
AHSPR
AHSPR (Asymmetric Hesitant Fuzzy Sigmoid Preference Relations (Zhou-Xu 2016)) is a preference relations multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zhou, W. Xu, Z. in 2016. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on...
ANP
ANP (Analytic Network Process (AHP with feedback and interdependences)) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Saaty, T. L. in 1996. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple cr...
APLOCO
APLOCO (Automatic Pairwise Linear Order Combination) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Konstantinos, N., Xenakis, A., Kehagias, A. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple...
ARAS
ARAS (Additive Ratio Assessment) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z. in 2010. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reprod...
AROMAN
AROMAN (Alternative Ranking Order Method Accounting for Two-Step Normalisation) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zdravković, M., Hamid, M., Radovanović, M. in 2022. It turns a decision matrix of altern...
ARTASI
ARTASI (Alternative Ranking Technique based on Adaptive Standardized Intervals) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Kara, K., Yalçın, G. C., Kaygısız, E. G., Simic, V., Örnek, A. Ş., Pamucar, D. in 2024....
AVERAGE-RANKING
AVERAGE-RANKING (Average ranking — per-alternative mean rank) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Orakçı, E. in 2024. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria int...
Accuracy
Accuracy is the proportion of correct predictions among the total number of predictions made by a classification model. It is the most intuitive performance metric and measures how often the classifier makes correct predictions overall, reg...
Activity-Based Costing
Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is an advanced costing method developed by Robert Kaplan and Robin Cooper that allocates overhead and indirect costs to products or services based on their actual consumption of activities. Rather than using arb...
Adjusted R-squared
Adjusted R² is a corrected version of the coefficient of determination that accounts for the number of predictors in a regression model. Introduced by Henri Theil in 1961, it addresses the fundamental limitation of standard R²: the tendency...
Adjusted Rand Index
The Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), developed by Hubert and Arabie in 1985, is an external clustering evaluation metric that measures the agreement between a predicted clustering and a ground truth labeling. It ranges from -1 to 1, where 1 indic...
Akaike Information Criterion
The Akaike Information Criterion is an information-theoretic measure for model selection that balances goodness of fit against model complexity. Introduced by Hirotugu Akaike in 1974, AIC estimates the relative quality of models for a given...
Analytic Hierarchy Process for Strategic Priorities
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) applied to strategic priorities is a multi-criteria decision method that structures a complex strategy choice into a hierarchy of goal, criteria, and alternatives, then derives priority weights from expe...
Analytical Procedures in Auditing
Analytical procedures are evaluations of financial information made by studying plausible relationships among both financial and non-financial data. Rather than testing individual transactions, auditors develop expectations about what numbe...
Attribute Sampling in Auditing
Attribute sampling is a statistical sampling method used primarily in testing the operating effectiveness of internal controls. Rather than measuring the dollar impact of errors (as in substantive sampling), attribute sampling answers a yes...
Audience Cost Analysis
Audience cost analysis studies how the domestic political punishment a leader expects for publicly backing down from an international threat makes that threat credible. Introduced formally by James Fearon (1994), the mechanism explains why...
Audit Risk Model
The Audit Risk Model is a foundational framework developed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) that structures audit planning by decomposing overall audit risk into three components: inherent risk, control risk...
B-WENSLO
B-WENSLO (Fuzzy WEight deNomination based on Slope coefficient (triangular fuzzy extension)) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Demir, G., Ulusoy, S. K. in 2024. It turns a decision matrix of a...
BALANCED-SPOTIS
BALANCED-SPOTIS (Balanced SPOTIS — Balanced Stable Preference Ordering Towards Ideal Solution) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Shekhovtsov, A., Dezert, J., Sałabun, W. in 2025. It turns a decision mat...
BF-COPRAS
BF-COPRAS (Bipolar extension of COPRAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zavadskas & Kaklauskas in 1996. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reprod...
BF-EDAS
BF-EDAS (Bipolar extension of EDAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Jana, C., Pal, M. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible re...