Decision making — Page 5
Understand how multi-criteria methods combine evidence, criteria and preferences, and where their rankings can change.
Research field
Method family
DEFUZZ-CENTROID
DEFUZZ-CENTROID (Centroid Defuzzification — Centre of gravity crisp representative) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Mamdani, E.H. in 1975. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on...
DEFUZZ-CENTROID-GAUSSIAN
DEFUZZ-CENTROID-GAUSSIAN (Gaussian Centroid Defuzzification — Crisp representative of Gaussian fuzzy number) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zadeh, L.A. in 1965. It turns a decision matrix of...
DEFUZZ-MOM
DEFUZZ-MOM (Mean of Maxima (MOM) Defuzzification — Crisp value at the plateau of maximum membership) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Lee, C.C. in 1990. It turns a decision matrix of alternativ...
DEFUZZ-SCORE-IFN
DEFUZZ-SCORE-IFN (Score Function Defuzzification — Crisp ranking score for IFN/PFN/q-ROFS families) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Chen, S.M.; Tan, J.M. in 1994; extended 2014, 2017. It turns...
DEFUZZ-TYPE-REDUCTION
DEFUZZ-TYPE-REDUCTION (Type Reduction Defuzzification — Karnik-Mendel algorithm for interval type-2 fuzzy sets) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Karnik, N.N.; Mendel, J.M. in 2001. It turns a d...
DELPHI
DELPHI (Delphi Method — iterative expert consensus for criterion importance elicitation) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Dalkey, N., Helmer, O. in 1963. It turns a decision matrix of alterna...
DEMATEL
DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Gabus, A., Fontela, E. in 1972. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criter...
DHF-COPRAS
DHF-COPRAS (Dual Hesitant Fuzzy extension of COPRAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Rani, P., Mishra, A. R., Krishankumar, R., Mardani, A., Cavallaro, F., Ravichandran, K. S., Balasubramanian, K. in...
DHF-EDAS
DHF-EDAS (Dual Hesitant Fuzzy extension of EDAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Ning, B., Lin, R., Wei, G., Chen, X. in 2023. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria in...
DHF-TODIM
DHF-TODIM (Dual Hesitant Fuzzy extension of TODIM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Liu, Y., Tariq, M., Khan, S., Abdullah, S. in 2023. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple cri...
DHF-TOPSIS
DHF-TOPSIS (Dual Hesitant Fuzzy extension of TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Wang, R., Li, W., Zhang, T., Han, Q. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteri...
DHF-VIKOR
DHF-VIKOR (Dual Hesitant Fuzzy extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by An, J., Zhang, X., Liu, L., Zuo, W. in 2025. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria i...
DIBR
DIBR (Defining Interrelationships Between Ranked criteria) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Pamučar, D., Žižović, M., Marinković, D., Doljanica, D. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alte...
DIST-CHEBYSHEV
DIST-CHEBYSHEV (Chebyshev Distance — L∞ norm (maximum coordinate difference)) is a distance multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Roy, B. in 1991. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria i...
DIST-EUCLIDEAN
DIST-EUCLIDEAN (Euclidean Distance — L2 norm between two vectors in criterion space) is a distance multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Hwang, C. L., Yoon, K. in 1981. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored...
DIST-HAMMING
DIST-HAMMING (Hamming Distance — count of positions where two equal-length sequences differ) is a distance multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Hamming, R. W. in 1950. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored...
DIST-MANHATTAN
DIST-MANHATTAN (Manhattan Distance — L1 norm (city-block distance) between two vectors) is a distance multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Dezert, J., Tchamova, A., Han, D., Bhotto, M. Z. A. in 2020. It turns a decisio...
DIST-MINKOWSKI
DIST-MINKOWSKI (Minkowski Distance — generalised Lp norm (p ≥ 1)) is a distance multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Minkowski, H. in 1910. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a...
DNMA
DNMA (Double Normalization-Based Multiple Aggregation) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Liao, H., Wu, X. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structure...
DODGSON
DODGSON (Dodgson Method — Condorcet completion by minimum pairwise swaps) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Dodgson, C. L. in 1900. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multi...
DRSA
DRSA (Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach) is a sorting multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Greco, S. Matarazzo, B. Słowiński, R. in 2001. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a s...
Data Envelopment Analysis of Firm Strategic Efficiency
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) of firm strategic efficiency benchmarks each firm or strategic business unit against a best-practice frontier built directly from the data, with no need to assume prices, weights, or a functional form. Introd...
Data-Driven MCDA
Data-Driven MCDA is a hybrid framework that integrates machine learning and statistical learning into traditional multi-criteria decision analysis. Instead of eliciting weights from expert judgment, it learns criteria importance from histor...
Davies-Bouldin Index
The Davies-Bouldin Index, introduced by Davies and Bouldin in 1979, is a metric for evaluating clustering quality based on the average similarity between each cluster and its most similar neighboring cluster. Lower values indicate better cl...