Decision making
Understand how multi-criteria methods combine evidence, criteria and preferences, and where their rankings can change.
Research field
Method family
AHP
AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Saaty, T. L. in 1980. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible...
AHP-BOCR
AHP-BOCR is an extension of the Analytic Hierarchy Process that incorporates strategic perspectives through the BOCR framework: Benefits, Opportunities, Costs, and Risks. Instead of optimizing a single objective, AHP-BOCR decomposes decisio...
AHPSORT
AHPSORT (AHPSort — AHP-based classification of alternatives into ordered categories) is a sorting multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Ishizaka, A., Nemery, P., Pearman, C. in 2012. It turns a decision matrix of altern...
AHSPR
AHSPR (Asymmetric Hesitant Fuzzy Sigmoid Preference Relations (Zhou-Xu 2016)) is a preference relations multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zhou, W. Xu, Z. in 2016. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on...
ANP
ANP (Analytic Network Process (AHP with feedback and interdependences)) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Saaty, T. L. in 1996. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple cr...
APLOCO
APLOCO (Automatic Pairwise Linear Order Combination) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Konstantinos, N., Xenakis, A., Kehagias, A. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple...
ARAS
ARAS (Additive Ratio Assessment) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z. in 2010. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reprod...
AROMAN
AROMAN (Alternative Ranking Order Method Accounting for Two-Step Normalisation) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zdravković, M., Hamid, M., Radovanović, M. in 2022. It turns a decision matrix of altern...
ARTASI
ARTASI (Alternative Ranking Technique based on Adaptive Standardized Intervals) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Kara, K., Yalçın, G. C., Kaygısız, E. G., Simic, V., Örnek, A. Ş., Pamucar, D. in 2024....
AVERAGE-RANKING
AVERAGE-RANKING (Average ranking — per-alternative mean rank) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Orakçı, E. in 2024. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria int...
Analytic Hierarchy Process for Strategic Priorities
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) applied to strategic priorities is a multi-criteria decision method that structures a complex strategy choice into a hierarchy of goal, criteria, and alternatives, then derives priority weights from expe...
Audience Cost Analysis
Audience cost analysis studies how the domestic political punishment a leader expects for publicly backing down from an international threat makes that threat credible. Introduced formally by James Fearon (1994), the mechanism explains why...
B-WENSLO
B-WENSLO (Fuzzy WEight deNomination based on Slope coefficient (triangular fuzzy extension)) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Demir, G., Ulusoy, S. K. in 2024. It turns a decision matrix of a...
BALANCED-SPOTIS
BALANCED-SPOTIS (Balanced SPOTIS — Balanced Stable Preference Ordering Towards Ideal Solution) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Shekhovtsov, A., Dezert, J., Sałabun, W. in 2025. It turns a decision mat...
BF-COPRAS
BF-COPRAS (Bipolar extension of COPRAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zavadskas & Kaklauskas in 1996. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reprod...
BF-EDAS
BF-EDAS (Bipolar extension of EDAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Jana, C., Pal, M. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible re...
BF-MARCOS
BF-MARCOS (Bipolar extension of MARCOS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Stević et al. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible re...
BF-TOPSIS
BF-TOPSIS (Bipolar extension of TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Hwang & Yoon in 1981. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible res...
BF-VIKOR
BF-VIKOR (Bipolar extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Opricovic in 1998. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.
BF-WASPAS
BF-WASPAS (Bipolar extension of WASPAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Akram, M., Arshad, M. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reprodu...
BN-ELECTRE-I
BN-ELECTRE-I (Bipolar Neutrosophic ELECTRE-I) is a electre family multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Akram, M., Shumaiza, Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteri...
BN-TOPSIS
BN-TOPSIS (Bipolar Neutrosophic TOPSIS) is a topsis family multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Akram, M., Shumaiza, Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into...
BONFERRONI-MEAN
BONFERRONI-MEAN (Bonferroni Mean (BM)) is a aggregation multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Bonferroni, C. in 1950. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducibl...
BORDA
BORDA (Borda Count — Positional scoring rule for rank aggregation) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Borda, J.-C. de in 1900. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple cr...