Decision making — Page 4
Understand how multi-criteria methods combine evidence, criteria and preferences, and where their rankings can change.
Research field
Method family
Calinski-Harabasz Index
The Calinski-Harabasz Index, also called the Variance Ratio Criterion, was introduced by Calinski and Harabasz in 1974. It is a metric that measures the ratio of between-cluster variance to within-cluster variance, adjusted for the number o...
Canberra Distance
Canberra distance is a weighted version of the Manhattan distance that normalizes differences by the sum of absolute values. Introduced by Geoffrey Lance and William Williams in 1967 as part of their work on clustering classification method...
Climate Vulnerability Index
A climate vulnerability index is a composite indicator that combines measures of exposure to climate hazards, sensitivity to those hazards, and adaptive capacity into a single comparable score for places or populations. The conceptual backb...
Coalition Formation Analysis
Coalition formation analysis is the formal study of which subset of parties will combine to form a governing or decision-making coalition when no single party commands a majority. William Riker's 1962 The Theory of Political Coalitions supp...
Collective Action Analysis
Collective action analysis explains why rational, self-interested individuals will often fail to act together to secure a common interest, even when every member of the group would benefit from doing so. In his 1965 The Logic of Collective...
Common-Pool Resource Analysis
Common-pool resource (CPR) analysis is a framework for diagnosing why shared natural and man-made resources are prone to overuse and for identifying the institutional conditions under which user communities can govern them sustainably witho...
Confusion Matrix
The confusion matrix is a table that displays the counts of true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives. It provides a complete picture of where a classifier makes correct and incorrect predictions, enabling calcula...
Cosine Distance
Cosine distance measures the angular distance between two non-zero vectors in a multi-dimensional space. Originally developed by Gerard Salton for information retrieval in 1975, it captures dissimilarity by computing one minus the cosine si...
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis is a foundational managerial accounting method that examines the relationships among costs, sales volume, and profit. By analyzing how changes in production volume, selling price, and cost structure affect...
Crisis Bargaining Game
A crisis bargaining game is a formal, usually extensive-form model in which two states sequentially choose to challenge, escalate, stand firm, or back down during an international dispute, and the analyst solves for the equilibrium pattern...
D-TOPSIS
D-TOPSIS (Modified TOPSIS based on D-Numbers (Deng Evidence Theory)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Fei, L., Hu, Y., Xiao, F., Chen, L., Deng, Y. in 2016. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives s...
DANP
DANP (DEMATEL-based ANP) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Tzeng, G.-H., Huang, J.-J. in 2010. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reprodu...
DEA
DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis (CCR model) for efficiency-based ranking) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., Rhodes, E. in 1978. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored o...
DEA-BCC
DEA-BCC (Data Envelopment Analysis (BCC / VRS model)) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W. in 1984. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple crite...
DEA-CROSSEFF
DEA-CROSSEFF (DEA Cross-Efficiency — peer appraisal using cross-evaluation matrix) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Sexton, T. R., Silkman, R. H., Hogan, A. J. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of altern...
DEA-DYNAMIC-NETWORK
DEA-DYNAMIC-NETWORK (Dynamic-Network DEA with Carryovers and Bad Outputs) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Fukuyama, H. Weber, W. L. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple c...
DEA-ENV
DEA-ENV (Environmental DEA with Undesirable Outputs (EEI model)) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Färe, R. Grosskopf, S. Lovell, C. A. K. Pasurka, C. in 1989. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives sco...
DEA-NETWORK
DEA-NETWORK (Two-Stage Network DEA with Undesirable Outputs) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Fukuyama, H. Weber, W. L. in 2010. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into...
DEA-NETWORK-SBM
DEA-NETWORK-SBM (Network Slacks-Based Measure DEA with Window Analysis) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Tone, K. Tsutsui, M. in 2009. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria...
DEA-RAM
DEA-RAM (Range-Adjusted Measure of Inefficiency) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cooper, W. W. Park, K. S. Pastor, J. T. in 1999. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria int...
DEA-SBM
DEA-SBM (Slack-Based Measure Data Envelopment Analysis) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Tone, K. in 2001. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, repr...
DEA-SUPEREFF
DEA-SUPEREFF (Super-Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Andersen, P. Petersen, N. C. in 1993. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria i...
DEFUZZ-ALPHA-CUT
DEFUZZ-ALPHA-CUT (Alpha-Cut Defuzzification — Crisp interval or representative via α-level cut) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zadeh, L.A. in 1965; 1985. It turns a decision matrix of alterna...
DEFUZZ-BISECTOR
DEFUZZ-BISECTOR (Bisector of Area Defuzzification — Vertical line dividing fuzzy set area equally) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by van Leekwijck, W.; Kerre, E.E. in 1999. It turns a decision m...