Statistics — Page 31
Explore statistical methods, their assumptions, interpretation and limitations.
Research field
Method family
LODGSERV Lodging Service Quality Index
LODGSERV is a 26-item index developed by Knutson, Stevens, Wullaert, Patton, and Yokoyama in 1990 to measure consumers' expectations of service quality in the hotel experience. Building directly on the SERVQUAL framework, it organizes lodgi...
LSDVC
LSDVC is a bias-corrected panel data estimator introduced by Kiviet (1995) to address the well-known Nickell bias that afflicts the standard Least Squares Dummy Variable (LSDV) estimator in dynamic panel models with a lagged dependent varia...
Landmark Analysis
Landmark analysis, introduced by Anderson, Cain, and Gelber in 1983, estimates conditional survival probabilities for subjects who are still at risk at a pre-specified point in time — the landmark — rather than at study entry. It was develo...
Laplace Approximation
The Laplace approximation is a classical analytic technique that replaces an intractable posterior distribution with a multivariate Gaussian centred at the posterior mode, using the curvature of the log-posterior at that mode to set the cov...
Latent Class Analysis
Latent class analysis identifies unobserved subgroups — latent classes — within a population by finding patterns of responses across a set of categorical observed indicators. It is the categorical-variable counterpart of cluster analysis, b...
Latent Dirichlet Allocation
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is a generative probabilistic model for collections of discrete data, introduced by Blei, Ng, and Jordan in 2003. It treats each document as a mixture of latent topics and each topic as a probability distri...
Latent Profile Analysis
Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) is a person-centered finite mixture modeling technique that identifies unobserved subgroups — called profiles — within a population based on patterns of scores across multiple continuous indicators. Rooted in L...
Latent Transition Analysis
Latent Transition Analysis (LTA) is a method for studying transitions between latent classes over time, developed by Collins and Lanza (2010). LTA combines latent class analysis (grouping individuals into classes) with Markovian transition...
Latent Transition Analysis in Education
Latent transition analysis (LTA) is a longitudinal extension of latent class analysis that models how individuals move between qualitatively distinct, unobserved categories over time. In education it represents students as belonging to lear...
Latent-Class Choice Segmentation
Latent-class choice segmentation estimates consumer market segments and their preferences at the same time, by fitting a finite mixture of discrete-choice models to individual purchase or choice data. Wagner Kamakura and Gary Russell introd...
Latin Square Design
The Latin square design is a blocked experimental design that simultaneously controls two independent nuisance factors — the row block and the column block — so that each treatment appears exactly once in every row and every column of an n×...
Learning Curve
The learning curve models how performance improves predictably as cumulative experience accumulates. Formalized by Theodore Wright in 1936 using aircraft manufacturing data, it expresses the relationship between the number of practice trial...
Least Median of Squares
Least Median of Squares is a robust linear regression method introduced by Peter J. Rousseeuw in 1984. Instead of minimising the sum of squared residuals like ordinary least squares, it minimises the median of the squared residuals, which l...
Least Trimmed Squares
Least Trimmed Squares is a robust linear regression method introduced by Peter J. Rousseeuw in 1984. Instead of fitting all residuals, it estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of only the h smallest squared residuals, which gives...
Lee-Carter Model
The Lee-Carter model is a stochastic framework for modeling and forecasting age-specific mortality rates, introduced by Ronald Lee and Lawrence Carter in their landmark 1992 paper. It decomposes the logarithm of age-specific death rates int...
Lee-Carter Mortality Model
The Lee-Carter model is the benchmark method for forecasting human mortality. Introduced by Ronald Lee and Lawrence Carter in 1992 for U.S. data, it captures the entire schedule of age-specific death rates with a remarkably parsimonious str...
Lee-Strazicich Test
The Lee-Strazicich (2003) test is a Lagrange Multiplier-based unit-root test that allows for two endogenous structural breaks under both the null and alternative hypotheses. Proposed by Junsoo Lee and Mark C. Strazicich, it corrects a funda...
Leisure Boredom Scale
The Leisure Boredom Scale (LBS) is a self-report instrument, developed by Seppo Iso-Ahola and Ellen Weissinger in 1990, that measures individual differences in the perception of free time as boring. Grounded in the idea that boredom arises...
Leisure Motivation Scale
The Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS), developed by Jacob Beard and Mounir Ragheb in their 1983 Journal of Leisure Research article, measures the psychological and social reasons people give for participating in leisure. Building on Maslow's n...
Leisure Satisfaction Scale
The Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS), developed by Jacob Beard and Mounir Ragheb in their 1980 Journal of Leisure Research article, measures the positive perceptions and feelings an individual derives from engaging in leisure activities — t...
Levene and Brown-Forsythe Test
The Levene and Brown-Forsythe test checks whether two or more groups share the same variance (homogeneity of variance). Levene (1960) built the test on absolute deviations from each group mean, and Brown and Forsythe (1974) made it robust t...
Levin-Lin-Chu Test
The Levin-Lin-Chu (LLC) test, introduced by Levin, Lin, and Chu (2002), is a first-generation panel unit-root test that pools cross-sectional information to test whether all units in a panel share a common autoregressive unit root. It is wi...
Lexical Decision Task
The Lexical Decision Task is a computerized measure of word recognition and semantic processing. Participants judge whether letter strings are real words or nonwords (pronounceable but meaningless letter combinations). Response times and ac...
Libor Market Model
The LIBOR Market Model (BGM), developed by Brace, Gatarek, and Musiela (1997), is a multi-factor interest rate model that directly models forward LIBOR rates as lognormal processes. Unlike short-rate models, LMM naturally prices caplets at...