Statistics — Page 28
Explore statistical methods, their assumptions, interpretation and limitations.
Research field
Method family
Hierarchical Variational Inference
Hierarchical variational inference (HVI) extends standard variational inference by placing a richer, hierarchical structure on the variational family itself. Instead of using a simple mean-field approximation, HVI introduces auxiliary laten...
Historical Event-History Demography
Historical event-history demography applies the statistical machinery of survival and hazard analysis to longitudinal individual-level historical data, modelling the risk that a person experiences a demographic event—death, marriage, migrat...
Holm Correction
The Holm correction, introduced by Sture Holm in 1979, is a step-down multiple-comparison procedure that controls the family-wise error rate (FWER) at level α while rejecting at least as many hypotheses as the classical Bonferroni correctio...
Holt-Winters
Holt-Winters triple exponential smoothing is a forecasting model that extends Holt's double smoothing by adding a seasonal component, introduced by Peter Winters in 1960 building on Charles Holt's work. It tracks three evolving quantities —...
Hot Spot Analysis
Hot Spot Analysis uses the Getis-Ord Gi* local spatial statistic to identify geographic locations where high or low attribute values cluster together to a degree that is statistically significant. Each feature is evaluated in relation to it...
Hotelling's T² Test
Hotelling's T² test is a multivariate parametric hypothesis test that simultaneously compares the mean vectors of two independent groups across multiple continuous outcome variables. It was introduced by Harold Hotelling in 1931 as the dire...
Household Disaster Preparedness Scale
A household disaster preparedness scale measures the extent to which households have adopted actions that reduce their vulnerability to hazards — what the disaster literature calls hazard adjustments. Grounded in Michael Lindell and David W...
Huber Regression
Huber regression is a robust linear regression method, introduced by Peter J. Huber in 1964, that resists the influence of outliers by treating small and large residuals differently. It applies a squared (OLS-like) loss to small residuals a...
Huff Model
Proposed by David Huff in 1964, the Huff Model is a probabilistic spatial interaction model that estimates the likelihood that consumers located in a given geographic zone will choose to shop at a particular retail outlet. It extends determ...
Hull-White Model
The Hull-White model (1990) is a one-factor short-rate model with time-dependent mean reversion and volatility, designed to fit the initial yield curve exactly. It generalizes the Vasicek model to allow better calibration to observed bond a...
Hurdle Model
The hurdle model is a two-part count-data model introduced by Mullahy (1986). A first stage models the binary choice of crossing a hurdle (a zero versus a non-zero count), and a second stage models the strictly positive counts with a zero-t...
Ideal Point Estimation
Ideal point estimation recovers the latent policy positions — ideal points — of political actors from their observed binary choices, most often legislators' yea/nay votes on roll calls. Building on the spatial theory of voting and formalize...
Ideological Constraint Analysis
Ideological constraint analysis measures the degree to which an individual's or a public's political attitudes hang together in a coherent, predictable structure, the extent to which knowing a person's position on one issue lets you predict...
Im-Pesaran-Shin Test
The Im-Pesaran-Shin (IPS) test, introduced by Im, Pesaran, and Shin in 2003, is a panel unit-root test designed for heterogeneous panels where the autoregressive coefficient is allowed to differ across cross-sectional units. It averages ind...
Immigrant Earnings Assimilation
Immigrant earnings assimilation analysis asks how the wages of the foreign-born evolve relative to comparable natives as immigrants spend more years in the host country. Barry Chiswick's 1978 study established the canonical approach: regres...
Implicit Association Test
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a computerized measure designed to detect automatic associations between concepts in memory, such as implicit attitudes toward social groups or implicit self-concepts. Introduced by Greenwald, McGhee,...
Implicit Theories Measure
The implicit theories measure, developed by Dweck, Chiu, and Hong in 1995, assesses people's lay beliefs about whether human attributes are fixed or malleable -- the distinction popularized as fixed versus growth mindset. Respondents rate a...
Imprecise Probability
Imprecise probability is a generalization of standard probability theory that represents epistemic uncertainty through sets of probability measures, called credal sets, rather than a single precise distribution. Introduced systematically by...
Impulse Response Function
The Impulse Response Function (IRF) traces the dynamic response of each variable in a Vector Autoregression (VAR) system to a one-unit shock in one of its error terms over a user-specified forecast horizon. It is the primary tool for struct...
Independent Component Analysis
Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a computational method for separating a multivariate signal into additive, statistically independent subcomponents. Formalized by Pierre Comon in 1994, ICA became the foundational framework for blind...
Independent samples t-test
The independent samples t-test is a parametric hypothesis test that determines whether the means of two independent, unrelated groups differ significantly on a continuous outcome variable. Derived from Gosset's 1908 t-distribution, it is on...
Independent t-test
The independent samples t-test is a parametric hypothesis test that compares the means of two independent groups to decide whether they differ significantly. It builds on the t-distribution introduced by Student (W. S. Gosset) in 1908 and a...
Influence Diagnostics
Influence diagnostics are a family of post-fit measures that quantify how much each single observation affects a fitted regression. Cook's distance was introduced by R. Dennis Cook in 1977, with leverage and DFFITS formalised by Belsley, Ku...
Instrumental Variables in Education Research
Instrumental variables (IV) estimation is a quasi-experimental strategy for isolating the causal effect of schooling or educational interventions when assignment to treatment is confounded by unobserved factors. Pioneered in education econo...