Statistics — Page 20
Explore statistical methods, their assumptions, interpretation and limitations.
Research field
Method family
Erlang C Model
The Erlang C model is a steady-state queueing formula that determines the probability a customer must wait before being served in a system with c parallel servers, Poisson arrivals at rate lambda, and exponentially distributed service times...
Ethnic Enclave Effect Estimation
Ethnic enclave effect estimation measures the economic consequences of working within a co-ethnic enclave economy — a spatially concentrated cluster of immigrant-owned firms employing co-ethnic workers — rather than in the open secondary la...
Event History Turnover Analysis
Event history turnover analysis models not just whether employees leave but when they leave, treating tenure as a duration and the act of quitting as an event whose timing carries information. Paul Allison's 1984 monograph brought event his...
Event Study
The event study is a financial research method that measures the impact of a news release, policy change, or corporate event on asset prices through cumulative abnormal returns. Reviewed by MacKinlay (1997) and formalised econometrically by...
Event Study Design
The event study design is a generalised difference-in-differences model that estimates a separate treatment-effect coefficient for each period before and after an intervention, tracing the dynamics of the effect over event time. Its modern,...
Event Study Design in Education Research
An event study design tracks how educational outcomes evolve before and after a clearly defined event — such as a school finance reform, accountability policy, or curriculum change — for affected and unaffected units. By estimating period-b...
Expectation Propagation
Expectation Propagation (EP) is a deterministic message-passing algorithm for approximate posterior inference in Bayesian models, introduced by Thomas P. Minka at UAI 2001. It iteratively refines a set of local approximate factors — each dr...
Expectations Regarding Aging Survey
The Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA) Survey measures the degree to which an individual expects physical, mental, and cognitive functioning to decline as a normal and unavoidable part of growing older. Developed by Catherine Sarkisian and...
Experiences in Close Relationships Scale
The Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) scale, developed by Brennan, Clark, and Shaver in 1998, is the most widely used self-report measure of adult romantic attachment. The authors factor-analyzed essentially all existing English-lang...
Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling
Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) is a hybrid approach that combines exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path modeling, developed by Asparouhov and Muthén (2009). ESEM relaxes restrict...
Exponential Smoothing
Exponential smoothing is a family of basic time-series forecasting models in which each new observation updates a smoothed estimate by a weighting parameter. Simple exponential smoothing (SES), introduced by Robert G. Brown in 1959, forecas...
Exposome-Wide Association Study
An exposome-wide association study (ExWAS), originally introduced as the Environment-Wide Association Study, applies the logic of the genome-wide association study to the environment. Where a GWAS scans hundreds of thousands of genetic vari...
Extreme Value Theory
Extreme Value Theory is a statistical framework for modelling the rare events that live in the tail of a probability distribution. As developed in Coles (2001) and applied to risk by McNeil, Frey & Embrechts (2005), it offers two standard r...
Eye-Tracking Analysis
Eye-tracking analysis is a method for recording and quantifying eye movements and gaze patterns during visual tasks, providing direct measures of visual attention, comprehension, and cognitive processing. Advancing from mechanical devices t...
FAVAR
FAVAR is a multivariate time-series model that first compresses information from a very large set of variables into a few common factors, then includes those factors alongside the observed variables in a vector autoregression. It was introd...
FEVD
Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD) is a multivariate time series technique used within Vector Autoregression (VAR) frameworks to quantify what proportion of the forecast error variance of each variable is attributable to shocks fr...
FMOLS Estimator
Fully Modified OLS, introduced by Phillips and Hansen (1990), estimates the long-run coefficients of a cointegrating relationship among I(1) variables. It applies a semi-parametric correction to ordinary least squares to remove the bias tha...
Factor Risk Model
A factor risk model is a multi-factor framework that links asset returns to systematic risk factors such as the market, value, size, and momentum. The Fama-French three- and five-factor models (1993) and Ross's Arbitrage Pricing Theory (197...
Faith Maturity Scale
The Faith Maturity Scale (FMS), developed by Peter Benson, Michael Donahue, and Joseph Erickson in 1993, measures not how much religion a person professes but how fully a vibrant, life-transforming faith is lived out. It was built on a deno...
Fama-MacBeth Regression
The Fama-MacBeth procedure is a two-step regression methodology for analyzing cross-sectional relationships while controlling for time-series structure. Introduced by Fama and MacBeth (1973), it first estimates time-series parameters for ea...
Family Quality of Life Scale
The Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale (FQOL) measures quality of life at the level of the family unit rather than the individual, designed especially for families that include a member with a disability. Developed at the University...
Fear Conditioning
Fear conditioning is a classical (Pavlovian) learning paradigm in which a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS—e.g., a tone or image) is repeatedly paired with an aversive outcome (unconditioned stimulus, US—e.g., mild electric shock...
Fine-Gray Competing Risks Model
The Fine-Gray model is a semiparametric regression method for survival data in which two or more mutually exclusive event types compete to occur first. Proposed by Fine and Gray in 1999, it models the subdistribution hazard of each event ty...
Firm Survival and Exit Analysis
Firm survival and exit analysis applies hazard and duration models to the question of why some firms survive and others fail, treating the age at which a firm exits the market as a time-to-event outcome. Audretsch and Mahmood's 1995 study o...