Statistics — Page 16
Explore statistical methods, their assumptions, interpretation and limitations.
Research field
Method family
Debit Valuation Adjustment
Debit Valuation Adjustment (DVA) represents the value of your own credit risk to counterparties. DVA measures the gain in derivative value if you default on your obligations—a benefit for your shareholders because creditors receive less tha...
DeepHit
DeepHit is a deep neural network framework for survival analysis with competing risks. Introduced by Lee et al. in 2018, it extends DeepSurv to handle settings where multiple, mutually exclusive events can occur, such as disease-specific mo...
DeepSurv
DeepSurv is a deep neural network approach to survival analysis that learns personalized survival distributions directly from data. Introduced by Katzman et al. in 2018, it extends the Cox proportional hazards model using deep learning to c...
Degradation Models
Degradation models estimate product lifetime by tracking measurable performance characteristics—such as crack length, light output, or insulation resistance—over time rather than waiting for outright failure. Introduced in rigorous form by...
Demand System Estimation
Demand system estimation jointly models how a consumer or population allocates a budget across a complete set of goods, estimating a system of equations — one per good — that relate each good's expenditure share or quantity to all prices an...
Denison Organizational Culture Survey
The Denison Organizational Culture Survey (DOCS) measures organizational culture in terms of its link to performance, building on Daniel Denison and Aneil Mishra's theory that effective organizations share recognizable cultural traits. The...
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics is a set of procedures that numerically and visually summarises the essential characteristics of a dataset: central tendency (mean, median, mode), spread (standard deviation, interquartile range), shape (skewness, kur...
Desistance Analysis
Desistance analysis models the process by which offenders cease offending — estimating the timing of the last offense, the hazard of termination, and the decline of offending toward zero. Sharpened by Laub and Sampson and by Bushway and col...
Destination Choice Experiment
A destination choice experiment is a stated-preference technique that asks travellers to choose among experimentally designed hypothetical destinations, each described by a bundle of attributes such as price, travel distance, climate, the t...
Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides Search-Matching
The Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides (DMP) model, developed by Peter Diamond, Dale Mortensen, and Christopher Pissarides in the early 1980s, is a fundamental framework for understanding labor market dynamics through the lens of search and match...
Dichotic Listening
The Dichotic Listening Task is an auditory measure of selective attention and hemispheric lateralization. Different speech stimuli (words, digits, or syllables) are presented simultaneously to each ear via headphones. Participants attend to...
Dictator Game
The Dictator Game is a simple economic decision task measuring generosity and prosocial behavior. One player (dictator) receives money and unilaterally decides how to allocate it between themselves and an anonymous second player (recipient)...
Diebold-Mariano Test
The Diebold-Mariano (DM) test, introduced by Diebold and Mariano in 1995, is a widely used non-parametric procedure for formally comparing the predictive accuracy of two competing forecasting models. It evaluates whether the difference in f...
Difference GMM
Difference GMM, introduced by Arellano and Bond (1991), estimates dynamic panel data models by first-differencing the equation to remove fixed effects, then using lagged levels of the endogenous variables as GMM instruments. It is the stand...
Difference-in-Differences
Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and devel...
Difference-in-Differences in Education Research
Difference-in-Differences (DiD) in education research applies the classic quasi-experimental DiD estimator to evaluate education policies, programs, and reforms. Researchers compare changes in student, school, or district outcomes between a...
Difference-in-Discontinuities
Difference-in-Discontinuities is a hybrid quasi-experimental design that fuses regression discontinuity (RDD) with difference-in-differences (DID), introduced by Grembi, Nannicini and Troiano (2016). It compares the discontinuity at the sam...
Differential Distractor Functioning
Differential distractor functioning (DDF) extends test-fairness analysis from the correct answer to the wrong ones. It asks whether examinees of equal ability but different group membership are differentially attracted to particular distrac...
Differential Item Functioning
Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being meas...
Differential Item Functioning in Educational Testing
Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis is the central statistical tool for evaluating the fairness of test items in education. An item shows DIF when examinees of equal ability but different group membership — for example by gender, r...
Dirichlet Process Mixture Model
The Dirichlet Process Mixture Model (DPMM) is a nonparametric Bayesian clustering method introduced through Ferguson's (1973) Dirichlet process prior that places a probability distribution over distributions. Unlike finite mixture models, t...
Disability Quality of Life Assessment
Quality of life assessment in disability populations is the general methodology for measuring how well people with disabilities are living, encompassing both overall quality of life and health-related quality of life. Unlike a single instru...
Disclosure Risk Assessment
Disclosure Risk Assessment is a probabilistic framework introduced by Duncan and Lambert (1989) for quantifying how likely it is that releasing microdata — individual-level records from surveys or administrative files — will allow an outsid...
Discrete Choice Demand Model
Discrete-choice demand models estimate the demand for differentiated products — cars, cereals, computers — by modeling consumers as choosing the single product that maximizes their random utility, where utility depends on the product's obse...