Statistics — Page 2
Explore statistical methods, their assumptions, interpretation and limitations.
Research field
Method family
Center of Pressure Posturography
Center of pressure (CoP) posturography measures postural stability by analyzing the movement of the body's center of pressure—the point where the total force of body weight is concentrated—during quiet stance or dynamic balance tasks. Forma...
Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS)
The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS), developed by Stefan Huber and Odilo Huber and consolidated in their 2012 paper, measures how central the religious meaning system is within an individual's personality. It operationalizes five core...
Child-Rearing Authoritarianism Measure
The child-rearing values measure, introduced by Stanley Feldman and Karen Stenner in 1997, gauges an authoritarian predisposition indirectly by asking which qualities respondents most want to instill in children. Each item forces a choice b...
Choice-Based Conjoint
Choice-based conjoint analysis (CBC) measures how consumers value the features of a product by observing the choices they make among competing, attribute-defined profiles rather than by asking them to rate attributes directly. Each responde...
Clock Drawing Test
The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a brief, widely used cognitive screening task in which a patient draws the face of a clock, places the numbers, and sets the hands to a specified time, most commonly ten past eleven. Despite its simplicity, t...
Cognitive Diagnosis Model
Cognitive Diagnosis Models (CDMs) are a family of latent variable models designed to classify examinees according to their mastery of a set of discrete cognitive attributes or skills. The Generalized DINA (G-DINA) framework, introduced by J...
Cognitive Diagnostic Computerized Adaptive Testing
Cognitive Diagnostic Computerized Adaptive Testing (CD-CAT) combines computerized adaptive testing (CAT) with cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) to efficiently assess students' specific skill profiles. Rather than producing a single overall...
Cognitive Diagnostic Modeling
Cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs), also called diagnostic classification models, are restricted latent class models that report not a single ability score but a profile of which discrete skills or attributes a student has mastered. Each it...
Cognitive Reflection Test
The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is a brief measure of cognitive reflection—the ability to override intuitive, reflexive answers in favor of deliberate, analytical reasoning. Participants answer problems that have an intuitive but incorr...
Cognitive Walkthrough
Cognitive Walkthrough is an inspection method for evaluating interface designs by simulating and analyzing how users will learn to use a system through exploration and trial. Developed by Clayton Lewis, Peter Polson, Cathleen Wharton, and J...
Collective Narcissism Scale
The Collective Narcissism Scale, introduced by Agnieszka Golec de Zavala and colleagues in 2009, measures an emotional investment in an unrealistic belief about an in-group's greatness coupled with a demand that this greatness be recognized...
Computerized Adaptive Test Content Validity
Content validity in computerized adaptive testing (CAT) ensures that an adaptively administered assessment adequately samples the intended content domain despite delivering only a subset of items to each examinee. It integrates classical co...
Computerized Adaptive Test Convergent Validity
Convergent validity assessment for computerized adaptive tests (CATs) examines whether the ability or trait estimates produced by an adaptive algorithm correlate substantially with scores from other measures of the same construct. Because e...
Computerized adaptive test Rasch model
Computerized adaptive testing with the Rasch model selects items in real time based on each examinee's evolving ability estimate, so that every person receives a test precisely calibrated to their proficiency level. The result is a shorter,...
Computerized adaptive test construct validity
Construct validity in computerized adaptive testing evaluates whether the latent trait estimates produced by a CAT instrument genuinely measure the intended psychological or educational construct. Because adaptive algorithms select items in...
Computerized adaptive test discriminant validity
Discriminant validity in computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is the evaluation process confirming that a CAT-administered scale measures its intended construct distinctly from related but conceptually different constructs. Despite the adapt...
Computerized adaptive test item response theory
Computerized adaptive testing based on item response theory is a sequential measurement procedure in which a computer algorithm selects successive test items tailored to each examinee's estimated ability level. Drawing on IRT to model item...
Computerized adaptive test measurement invariance
Computerized adaptive test measurement invariance evaluates whether a CAT instrument measures the same latent construct with the same psychometric properties across different groups (e.g., gender, language, clinical vs. community) or time p...
Computerized adaptive test reliability analysis
CAT reliability analysis quantifies measurement precision in computerized adaptive tests where each examinee receives a unique, individually tailored subset of items. Rather than a single classical coefficient, it uses item response theory...
Conditional Standard Error of Measurement
The conditional standard error of measurement (CSEM) describes how much measurement error a test score carries at each point along the score scale, rather than as a single average. A test typically measures more precisely in some score rang...
Construct Validity
Construct validity is the degree to which a test or scale actually measures the theoretical construct it is intended to measure. Introduced by Cronbach and Meehl in 1955, it is the central validity concern in psychological and educational m...
Content Validity
Content validity is evidence that a measurement instrument adequately samples the full domain of the construct it is intended to measure. It is established through systematic expert review and quantified with indices such as Lawshe's Conten...
Contextual Inquiry
Contextual Inquiry is a field research method for understanding users by observing and interviewing them in their real work environment. Developed by Hugh Beyer and Karen Holtzblatt at Applied Research and Technology, this method combines e...
Convergent Validity
Convergent validity is the degree to which multiple indicators that are theoretically expected to measure the same construct actually correlate with one another. It is one of the two complementary forms of construct validity identified by C...