Statistics — Page 8
Explore statistical methods, their assumptions, interpretation and limitations.
Research field
Method family
Shift-Share IV
The shift-share instrumental variable, widely known as the Bartik instrument, is a causal-inference strategy that builds an instrument by interacting national or sector-level shocks (the shifts) with local composition weights (the shares)....
Spatial Causal Impact Analysis
Spatial causal impact analysis estimates the causal effect of a spatially-targeted intervention — a policy, shock, or treatment applied to particular locations — while explicitly accounting for geographic spillovers between treated and untr...
Spatial Coarsened Exact Matching
Spatial Coarsened Exact Matching applies the Coarsened Exact Matching framework to study designs involving geographic units — neighbourhoods, census tracts, municipalities, or grid cells. Covariates are coarsened into discrete bins and unit...
Spatial Counterfactual Impact Evaluation
Spatial Counterfactual Impact Evaluation (SCIE) is a family of quasi-experimental methods that estimate the causal effect of geographically targeted policies — such as EU Cohesion Funds, enterprise zones, or place-based subsidies — by const...
Spatial Doubly Robust Estimation
Spatial doubly robust estimation is a semiparametric causal inference method that combines propensity score weighting with outcome regression modeling — providing protection against misspecification of either component — while explicitly ac...
Spatial Entropy Balancing
Spatial entropy balancing extends standard entropy balancing to observational settings where units are embedded in geographic space, incorporating spatial structure into the reweighting process so that balance is achieved while respecting s...
Spatial Event Study Design
Spatial event study design estimates the dynamic causal effects of a geographically concentrated shock or policy by plotting how outcomes in affected locations evolve relative to unaffected locations across time periods, while explicitly ac...
Spatial Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity
Spatial Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design (Spatial Fuzzy RDD) estimates a local average treatment effect when a geographic boundary determines treatment eligibility but some units on either side of the boundary fail to comply with their...
Spatial Instrumental Variables
Spatial Instrumental Variables (Spatial IV) is a causal inference method for settings where units — regions, firms, neighborhoods — are spatially interdependent, creating endogeneity that standard IV approaches ignore. It constructs instrum...
Spatial Interrupted Time Series
Spatial Interrupted Time Series (Spatial ITS) extends the classic ITS design to settings where units are geo-referenced and outcomes in one location may spill over into or correlate with outcomes in neighbouring locations. It estimates the...
Spatial Inverse Probability Weighting
Spatial Inverse Probability Weighting extends the classical IPW estimator to settings where units are geo-referenced and spatial location is a confounding dimension. By incorporating geographic coordinates or spatial proximity into the prop...
Spatial Marginal Structural Model
The Spatial Marginal Structural Model (Spatial MSM) extends the classical marginal structural model to settings where units are geographically distributed and spatial dependencies — such as neighborhood spillovers, clustering, and spatial c...
Spatial Matching Estimator
The Spatial Matching Estimator estimates causal treatment effects by pairing each treated geographic unit with one or more similar untreated units nearby, exploiting the assumption that units close in space share similar unobserved characte...
Spatial Panel Event Study
Spatial panel event study extends the classical panel event-study design to settings where units are geographically located and outcomes may spill over across space. By combining event-time indicators with spatial weights matrices, it estim...
Spatial Placebo Test
A spatial placebo test is a falsification check used in geographic or spatial causal-inference studies. The analyst applies the same estimation procedure to spatial units, boundaries, or zones where no treatment effect should exist — fake b...
Spatial Propensity Score Matching
Spatial Propensity Score Matching (Spatial PSM) extends the classic propensity score matching framework to settings where units are embedded in geographic space and treatment assignment or outcomes may be spatially correlated. By incorporat...
Spatial Regression Discontinuity Design
Spatial Regression Discontinuity Design uses a geographic or administrative boundary as the threshold that assigns units to treatment. Observations just inside one side of the boundary are compared with those just outside it, exploiting the...
Spatial Sensitivity Analysis for Causality
Spatial sensitivity analysis for causality systematically tests whether a causal estimate derived from georeferenced data holds up as spatial structure, spillovers, and the choice of spatial weights matrix are varied. Because nearby units o...
Spatial Synthetic Control Method
The Spatial Synthetic Control Method adapts the classic synthetic control framework to settings where treated and donor units are defined by geographic location. By constructing a weighted combination of spatially proximate or comparable co...
Staggered Difference-in-Differences
Staggered Difference-in-Differences is a generalisation of DID for panel designs in which treatment is rolled out to different groups at different times. Introduced in the modern form by Callaway and Sant'Anna (2021) and Sun and Abraham (20...
Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial
A stepped wedge cluster randomized trial is an experimental design where clusters (e.g., schools, hospitals, communities) are randomized to receive an intervention in a phased, staggered manner over time. First formally described by Hussey...
Synthetic Control
The Synthetic Control Method, introduced by Abadie, Diamond and Hainmueller in 2010, builds a weighted counterfactual for a single treated unit from a pool of untreated donor units. It is widely regarded as the gold standard for evaluating...
Synthetic Control Method
The Synthetic Control Method estimates the causal effect of a treatment or policy on a single treated unit by constructing a weighted combination of untreated units — the synthetic control — that closely resembles the treated unit before th...
Synthetic Control Method in Education Research
The Synthetic Control Method (SCM) estimates the causal effect of an education policy or intervention by constructing a weighted combination of untreated comparison units — the synthetic control — that closely mimics the treated unit's pre-...