Statistics — Page 5
Explore statistical methods, their assumptions, interpretation and limitations.
Research field
Method family
Multi-period Propensity Score Weighting
Multi-period propensity score weighting extends the standard propensity score weighting framework to settings with repeated measurements and time-varying treatments. It constructs stabilised inverse probability weights (IPW) at each time po...
Multi-period Regression Discontinuity Design
Multi-period Regression Discontinuity Design extends the classic RDD to settings where a cutoff-based treatment is applied in multiple waves, across repeated time periods, or with varying thresholds. By pooling or comparing period-specific...
Multi-period Synthetic Control Method
The multi-period synthetic control method extends the classic synthetic control framework to settings where treatment occurs across several distinct periods or where the researcher needs to track causal effects over a prolonged post-treatme...
Multilevel Regression and Poststratification
Multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP) estimates opinion or behavior in small subpopulations — states, districts, demographic groups — from a single national survey that is far too small to support direct estimates in each unit....
Ordinal Content Validity
Ordinal content validity replaces the traditional binary (yes/no) expert relevance judgment with a graded, Likert-type rating scale, allowing richer expert opinion to be captured when evaluating whether scale items adequately represent the...
Ordinal IRT
Ordinal item response theory (ordinal IRT) comprises a family of probabilistic models — most notably the Graded Response Model and the Partial Credit Model — that relate a respondent's standing on a latent trait to the probability of choosi...
Panel Data Causal Impact Analysis
Panel data causal impact analysis extends the Bayesian structural time-series approach of Brodersen et al. (2015) to multi-unit panel settings, estimating the counterfactual for several treated units simultaneously using control units as a...
Panel Data Coarsened Exact Matching
Panel Data Coarsened Exact Matching applies the Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM) algorithm to repeated-measures panel data, matching treated and control units within the same coarsened covariate strata across multiple time periods. It balance...
Panel Data Difference-in-Differences
Panel Data Difference-in-Differences extends the classic two-period DiD design to settings with multiple units observed across many time periods. By absorbing unit-level fixed effects and time fixed effects simultaneously, it isolates the c...
Panel Data Entropy Balancing
Panel data entropy balancing extends Hainmueller's (2012) entropy balancing method to longitudinal settings. It computes unit-level weights for control observations so that their covariate moments exactly match those of the treatment group...
Panel Data Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity
Panel Data Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design (Panel FRD) extends the fuzzy RDD framework to settings where multiple observations per unit are available over time. It exploits a probabilistic — rather than deterministic — threshold-cross...
Panel Data Instrumental Variables
Panel data instrumental variables combines the bias-correcting power of instrumental variables (IV) with the within-unit variation exploited by panel data methods. It addresses endogeneity — omitted variables, reverse causation, or measurem...
Panel Data Interrupted Time Series
Panel Data Interrupted Time Series (panel ITS) is a quasi-experimental method that estimates the causal effect of an intervention using repeated observations from multiple units over time. By exploiting variation across both units and time...
Panel Data Inverse Probability Weighting
Panel Data Inverse Probability Weighting (panel IPW) estimates the causal effect of a time-varying treatment by reweighting observed units to create a pseudo-population in which treatment is independent of measured confounders at each time...
Panel Data Marginal Structural Model
A panel data marginal structural model (MSM) uses inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) across multiple time periods to estimate the causal effect of a time-varying treatment, while appropriately adjusting for time-varying confo...
Panel Data Matching Estimator
The panel data matching estimator identifies causal treatment effects by pairing each treated unit with one or more control units that share similar covariate histories in the pre-treatment periods. By exploiting the longitudinal structure...
Panel Data Propensity Score Matching
Panel data propensity score matching combines the bias-reduction of PSM with the longitudinal structure of panel data, enabling causal estimation of treatment effects by matching treated and control units on observable pre-treatment charact...
Panel Data Propensity Score Weighting
Panel Data Propensity Score Weighting (panel PSW) extends inverse probability weighting to longitudinal settings where the same units are observed across multiple time periods. It reweights observations by the inverse of each unit's time-va...
Panel Data Regression Discontinuity Design
Panel data regression discontinuity design (Panel RDD) combines the sharp local identification of a regression discontinuity with the within-unit variation available in repeated-observation panel data. Units are observed across multiple per...
Panel Data Synthetic Control Method
The panel data synthetic control method estimates the causal effect of an intervention on a single treated unit by constructing a data-driven weighted combination of untreated units — a synthetic control — that best reproduces the treated u...
Panel Event Study
A panel event study estimates the dynamic causal effect of a treatment or policy by regressing an outcome on a full set of relative-time indicators — one for each period before and after the event — while controlling for unit and time fixed...
Panel Event Study in Education Research
The panel event study is a causal-inference design that tracks outcomes for a panel of educational units — students, teachers, schools, or districts — across relative time periods around a well-defined event such as a policy change, school...
Pharmacokinetic Compartment Model
The pharmacokinetic compartment model represents the body as one or more hypothetical compartments interconnected by first-order rate processes, describing how a drug is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated over time. Systematized by Gibal...
Placebo Tests
Placebo tests are a family of falsification checks that probe the credibility of a causal claim by re-running the analysis on a fake treatment, a false intervention date, or an outcome that should not have been affected. The approach was po...